Helheim: Realm of the Dead

BY NICOLE LAU

Introduction to Helheim

Helheim (Old Norse: Helheimr, "Home of Hel") is the realm of the dead in Norse cosmology, positioned among the roots of Yggdrasil in the lower worlds. Unlike Christian concepts of hell as punishment, Helheim is simply the destination for most who die—a shadowy but not necessarily torturous afterlife realm ruled by the goddess Hel.

For modern practitioners, Helheim represents the mysteries of death, the realm of ancestors, and the necessary descent into darkness that precedes rebirth and transformation.

The Goddess Hel

Hel (also spelled Hela) is the daughter of Loki and the giantess Angrboda, sister to Fenrir the wolf and Jormungandr the World Serpent. When the gods learned of these dangerous offspring, Odin cast Hel into the underworld and gave her dominion over those who die of sickness or old age.

Hel's Appearance

Hel is described as half-living and half-dead—one side of her body beautiful and vital, the other side corpse-like and decaying. This dual nature represents the liminal state between life and death, the threshold she guards.

Hel's Character

Unlike the Christian devil, Hel is not evil but implacable. She rules her realm with stern authority, rarely releasing those who enter. Her most famous refusal was denying Balder's return from death when not all beings wept for him (Loki in disguise refused).

The Geography of Helheim

Helheim is described as a cold, misty realm in the far north, deep beneath the earth:

The Journey to Helheim

The road to Helheim is called Helvegr ("Hel-way"), a long journey downward and northward. The dead must cross the river Gjoll via the bridge Gjallarbrú, guarded by the giantess Modgudr.

The Gates of Helheim

The entrance is guarded by the hound Garmr, chained in the cave Gnipahellir. At Ragnarök, Garmr will break free and fight Tyr, both dying in the battle.

Hel's Hall: Éljúðnir

Hel's hall is called Éljúðnir ("Misery"), with walls called Fallandaforad ("Falling Peril") and a threshold called Stumbling Block. Her plate is Hunger, her knife Famine, her bed Sick-Bed, and her bed-hangings Gleaming Bale.

These grim names emphasize the realm's association with deprivation and suffering, though this may represent the state of dying rather than eternal torment.

Who Goes to Helheim?

In Norse belief, the afterlife destination depends on how one dies, not moral judgment:

Helheim Receives:

• Those who die of sickness
• Those who die of old age
• Those who die of accidents
• Generally, anyone who doesn't die in battle

Other Destinations:

• Valhalla - Half of those who die in battle, chosen by Odin's Valkyries
• Folkvang - The other half of battle-dead, chosen by Freyja
• Ran's Hall - Those who drown at sea, claimed by the sea goddess
• Hel's Hall - The majority of humanity

This system is not about reward and punishment but about different types of death leading to different afterlife experiences.

The Nature of Existence in Helheim

Helheim is described as shadowy and cold, but not necessarily a place of active torment:

A Shadowy Existence

The dead in Helheim exist as shades or shadows of their former selves, lacking the vitality and joy of life but not necessarily suffering eternal punishment.

Continuation of Social Structure

Some sources suggest the dead maintain their social relationships and hierarchies, continuing a diminished version of their earthly existence.

Separation from the Living

The primary suffering seems to be separation from the living world, the cold and darkness, and the loss of life's vitality rather than active torture.

Helheim in Mythic Narratives

Balder's Death and Attempted Return

When the beloved god Balder dies, his mother Frigg sends Hermod to Helheim to plead for his return. Hel agrees to release Balder if all things in the world weep for him. All do except one giantess (Loki in disguise), so Balder must remain in Helheim until after Ragnarök.

This myth establishes Hel's authority—even the gods cannot override her rule. It also shows that death is not easily reversed, even for the most beloved.

Odin's Necromantic Journey

In the poem Baldrs draumar, Odin rides to Helheim to wake a dead seeress and learn about Balder's fate. This demonstrates that the living can journey to Helheim for wisdom, though it requires shamanic power.

Ragnarök and Helheim

At Ragnarök, Hel will provide an army of the dead who sail in the ship Naglfar (made from the fingernails and toenails of the dead) to fight against the gods. After the final battle, the world will be renewed, and Balder will return from Helheim to the new earth.

Spiritual and Psychological Significance

The Underworld Journey

Helheim represents the necessary descent into darkness that appears in many spiritual traditions—the journey to the underworld that precedes transformation and rebirth.

Ancestral Realm

As the destination for most of humanity, Helheim is where the ancestors dwell. Connecting with this realm means honoring the dead and maintaining relationship with those who came before.

Shadow and Death

Helheim embodies the shadow realm of death, decay, and endings—the necessary counterpart to life, growth, and beginnings. One cannot exist without the other.

The Implacable Goddess

Hel represents the aspect of the divine that cannot be bargained with or manipulated—the absolute reality of death that comes to all, regardless of status, power, or desire.

Practical Applications for Modern Practitioners

Ancestor Veneration

Honoring the dead who dwell in Helheim through offerings, remembrance, and maintaining connection across the boundary between life and death.

Death Meditation

Contemplating mortality and the reality of death as a spiritual practice, using awareness of death to deepen appreciation for life.

Underworld Journeying

Shamanic practitioners may journey to Helheim to seek wisdom from the dead, retrieve lost soul parts, confront fears of death and mortality, and connect with ancestral wisdom.

Shadow Work

Working with Helheim consciousness means confronting the shadow aspects of self—the parts we've rejected, the fears we avoid, the mortality we deny.

Honoring Hel

Some practitioners work with Hel as a death goddess, honoring her role as guardian of the threshold and ruler of the majority of the dead.

Helheim Consciousness

Beyond its mythological description, Helheim represents a state of consciousness characterized by acceptance of mortality and impermanence, connection to ancestral wisdom and the dead, willingness to descend into darkness for transformation, recognition that death is natural not evil, and understanding that some things cannot be bargained with or avoided.

The Afterlife in Norse Belief

The Norse afterlife system reveals important cultural values—death in battle was honored but most people died ordinary deaths, the afterlife was not about moral judgment but about the manner of death, the dead were not gone but continued to exist in another realm, and maintaining relationship with ancestors was important.

Conclusion

Helheim is not a place of punishment but the natural destination for most of humanity—the realm where the dead dwell, where ancestors reside, where the mysteries of death are kept. Hel is not a demon but a goddess, stern and implacable, ruling her realm with authority that even the gods must respect.

For modern practitioners, Helheim offers profound teachings about mortality, the importance of honoring the dead, the necessity of descent and shadow work, the reality that death comes to all, and the understanding that endings are as sacred as beginnings.

The gates of Helheim stand in the north. Garmr guards the threshold. Hel rules her shadowy realm. And the ancestors wait in the mist, ready to offer their wisdom to those brave enough to make the journey down.