Mesopotamian Magic: Enuma Elish, Gilgamesh & Cosmic Order

28. november 2025

BY NICOLE LAU

In the beginning, there was chaos—Tiamat, the primordial ocean, the dragon of salt water, and Apsu, the sweet water. From their mingling, the gods were born.

But the young gods were noisy. Apsu wanted to destroy them. Tiamat refused. The gods killed Apsu.

Tiamat, enraged, created an army of monsters to avenge her consort. The gods trembled. Who could face the mother of chaos?

Marduk stepped forward. He would fight Tiamat—but only if the gods made him king, gave him the Tablet of Destinies, the power to decree fate.

The gods agreed. Marduk battled Tiamat. He split her body in two—from one half, he made the heavens; from the other, the earth. From her eyes, he made the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. From her tail, the Milky Way.

From chaos, Marduk created order. This is the Enuma Elish—the Babylonian creation epic, the story of how order was wrested from chaos, how the cosmos was established.

This is Mesopotamian magic—the magic of cosmic order, of divine decrees, of words that create reality, of the eternal battle between chaos and order.

The Enuma Elish: When on High

The Enuma Elish ("When on high...") is the Babylonian creation epic, written on seven clay tablets, recited during the New Year festival (Akitu) in Babylon.

The Story:

1. The Primordial Waters
In the beginning, there are only the primordial waters:

Tiamat: The salt water, the ocean, the feminine chaos
Apsu: The sweet water, the underground springs, the masculine order

From their mingling, the gods are born.

2. The Conflict
The young gods are noisy, disturbing Apsu's rest. Apsu decides to destroy them. Tiamat refuses—they are her children.

Ea (god of wisdom) learns of the plot. He casts a spell on Apsu, putting him to sleep, then kills him.

3. Tiamat's Revenge
Tiamat, urged by the other primordial gods, decides to avenge Apsu. She creates an army of monsters—serpents, dragons, demons. She makes Kingu (her new consort) the leader and gives him the Tablet of Destinies.

4. Marduk's Rise
The gods are terrified. Who can face Tiamat?

Marduk, the young storm god, offers to fight Tiamat—but only if the gods make him king and give him absolute power.

The gods agree. They give Marduk the power to decree fate, to speak and make reality.

5. The Battle
Marduk arms himself with winds, storms, lightning, and a net. He faces Tiamat.

He traps her in his net, sends the winds into her mouth, shoots an arrow into her belly, splitting her in two.

6. The Creation
From Tiamat's body, Marduk creates the cosmos:

From one half of her body, the heavens
From the other half, the earth
From her eyes, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
From her tail, the Milky Way
From her breasts, the mountains

He takes the Tablet of Destinies from Kingu and claims it for himself.

7. The Creation of Humanity
The gods complain that they have to work (maintaining the cosmos). Marduk has a solution: create humans to do the work.

Kingu is killed. From his blood, humanity is created. Humans are made to serve the gods, to maintain the temples, to perform the rituals.

The Meaning:

The Enuma Elish teaches:

Order from chaos: The cosmos is created by defeating chaos (Tiamat)
The power of the word: Marduk's power is the power to speak and create reality
Humanity's purpose: Humans are created to serve the gods, to maintain cosmic order
The eternal battle: Chaos is always threatening. Order must be constantly maintained.

The ME: Divine Powers and Cosmic Order

In Mesopotamian thought, the cosmos is governed by the ME (pronounced "may")—divine powers, cosmic principles, the fundamental laws that structure reality.

What Are the ME?

The ME are:

Divine decrees
Cosmic principles
Cultural institutions
Technologies and crafts
Social roles and functions

There are over 100 ME, including:

Kingship
Priesthood
Truth and falsehood
Music
Metalworking
Writing
Sexual intercourse
War
Peace

The ME as Magic

The ME are magical. To possess the ME is to have power. To control the ME is to control reality.

In the myth "Inanna and the God of Wisdom," Inanna gets Enki (god of wisdom) drunk and steals the ME, bringing them to her city, Uruk. This gives Uruk civilization, culture, power.

The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Quest for Immortality

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest known epic, written on clay tablets in Akkadian (c. 2100 BCE, with earlier Sumerian versions).

The Story:

1. Gilgamesh the Tyrant
Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, is two-thirds god, one-third human. He is powerful, but he is a tyrant—oppressing his people, taking brides on their wedding night.

The people cry out to the gods. The gods create Enkidu—a wild man, equal to Gilgamesh—to challenge him.

2. The Friendship
Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight. They are evenly matched. They become friends—brothers, lovers (the text is ambiguous), the deepest bond.

Together, they go on adventures. They kill Humbaba (guardian of the Cedar Forest). They kill the Bull of Heaven (sent by Ishtar after Gilgamesh rejects her).

3. The Death of Enkidu
The gods decree that one of them must die for killing Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Enkidu is chosen.

Enkidu falls ill. He dies. Gilgamesh is devastated. He mourns for seven days and seven nights, refusing to bury Enkidu until a worm falls from his nose (proving he is truly dead).

4. The Quest for Immortality
Gilgamesh, terrified of death, sets out to find Utnapishtim—the only human who has been granted immortality (the Mesopotamian Noah, who survived the flood).

Gilgamesh journeys to the ends of the earth, through the mountains of Mashu, through the garden of the gods, across the waters of death.

5. The Meeting with Utnapishtim
Gilgamesh finds Utnapishtim. He asks: "How did you attain immortality?"

Utnapishtim tells the story of the flood. The gods decided to destroy humanity. Ea warned Utnapishtim, who built a boat and saved his family and the animals. After the flood, the gods granted him immortality.

But Utnapishtim says: "The gods will not grant you immortality. Death is the fate of humanity."

6. The Test
Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh: "If you want immortality, first conquer sleep (the little death)."

Gilgamesh tries to stay awake for seven days. He fails. He falls asleep immediately.

7. The Plant of Immortality
Utnapishtim's wife takes pity on Gilgamesh. She tells him about a plant at the bottom of the sea—the plant of immortality, which makes the old young again.

Gilgamesh dives to the bottom of the sea and retrieves the plant. He plans to bring it back to Uruk, to make the old men young.

But on the way home, while Gilgamesh is bathing, a serpent steals the plant and eats it. The serpent sheds its skin (becoming young again). Gilgamesh has lost immortality.

8. The Return
Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, empty-handed. But he has learned the lesson: Immortality is not for humans. But you can achieve immortality through your works.

Gilgamesh looks at the walls of Uruk—the great walls he built. These will last. This is his immortality.

The Meaning:

The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches:

Death is inevitable: Even the greatest hero cannot escape death
Friendship is sacred: The bond between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is the heart of the epic
Grief is transformative: Gilgamesh's grief for Enkidu drives his quest
Immortality through works: You cannot live forever, but your works can
Accept your mortality: The wisdom is not to conquer death, but to accept it and live fully

Mesopotamian Magic Practices

1. Incantations and Spells

Mesopotamian magic relied heavily on incantations—spoken formulae that had power.

Incantations were used for:

Healing
Protection
Exorcism
Love
Cursing enemies

The power was in the words. To speak the correct formula was to make it real.

2. Incantation Bowls

Clay bowls inscribed with incantations (in spirals from the rim to the center) were buried upside-down under the threshold of a house to trap demons and protect the household.

3. Protective Demons

The Mesopotamians used apotropaic magic—magic to ward off evil.

Protective demons (like the lamassu—winged bulls with human heads) were placed at gates and doorways to guard against evil spirits.

4. Divination

Divination was central to Mesopotamian religion and magic:

Astrology: Reading the movements of the planets and stars
Hepatoscopy: Reading the liver of a sacrificed animal
Extispicy: Reading the entrails
Dream interpretation: Understanding messages from the gods

5. The Tablet of Destinies

The Tablet of Destinies (Ṭup Šīmāti) is a magical object that grants the power to decree fate.

Whoever possesses the Tablet can speak and make reality. This is ultimate magical power.

The Psychological Meaning

Tiamat as Chaos

Tiamat is chaos—the primordial, the undifferentiated, the unconscious, the mother who must be defeated for consciousness to emerge.

Marduk defeating Tiamat is the ego emerging from the unconscious, order emerging from chaos, consciousness from the primordial.

Gilgamesh's Quest as the Hero's Journey

Gilgamesh's quest is the hero's journey:

The call (Enkidu's death)
The journey (to the ends of the earth)
The ordeal (facing death, facing the impossibility of immortality)
The return (accepting mortality, finding meaning in works)

The Serpent as Transformation

The serpent steals the plant of immortality and sheds its skin. This is transformation—the serpent is reborn, but Gilgamesh is not.

The lesson: Transformation (shedding the old skin) is a kind of immortality. But it requires letting go.

Working with Mesopotamian Wisdom Today

1. Create Order from Chaos

Like Marduk, you can create order from chaos. When your life is chaotic, when you are overwhelmed, create structure, create order.

2. Use Words as Power

In Mesopotamian magic, words have power. Speak with intention. Declare your reality. Use incantations, affirmations, spells.

3. Accept Mortality

Gilgamesh learns that immortality is not for humans. Accept your mortality. This is wisdom.

4. Find Immortality in Your Works

You cannot live forever. But your works can. Create something that lasts. Build your walls of Uruk.

5. Honor Friendship

The bond between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is sacred. Honor your deep friendships. They are what make life meaningful.

The Gift of Mesopotamian Wisdom: Order, Mortality, and Meaning

Mesopotamian wisdom teaches:

Order must be created from chaos: The cosmos is not given. It must be wrested from Tiamat, from chaos, from the primordial.
Words have power: To speak is to create. To decree is to make real.
Death is inevitable: Even Gilgamesh, the greatest hero, cannot escape death.
Immortality is in your works: You cannot live forever, but what you create can.
Meaning is in relationship: Gilgamesh's quest is driven by love for Enkidu. Meaning is found in connection.

This is the wisdom of the cradle of civilization, the oldest epics, the foundation of Western thought.

Create order. Speak with power. Accept mortality. Build something that lasts. Love deeply.

This is the Mesopotamian path. This is the gift of the ancient wisdom.