How the Unconscious Was Seen in Eastern and Western Esoteric Thought

BY NICOLE LAU

The unconscious is not a modern discovery.

Long before Freud and Jung, Eastern traditions mapped the hidden depths of the psyche with extraordinary precision.

The Taoists spoke of Hun and Po (魂魄)—the ethereal and corporeal souls operating beneath conscious awareness.

The Buddhists described Alaya-vijnana (阿賴耶識)—the storehouse consciousness containing all karmic seeds.

The Vedantists taught about the subtle and causal bodies—layers of psyche beyond the conscious mind.

When Jung "discovered" the collective unconscious in the 20th century, he was rediscovering what ancient traditions always knew:

Consciousness is like an iceberg—most of it is hidden beneath the surface.

The Western Discovery: Freud and Jung

Freud: The Personal Unconscious

Sigmund Freud was the first Western scientist to systematically map the unconscious.

His model:

• Conscious — What you're aware of right now (thoughts, perceptions)
• Preconscious — What you can easily recall (memories, knowledge)
• Unconscious — What is repressed, hidden, inaccessible to conscious awareness

Freud's unconscious contains:

• Repressed desires (especially sexual and aggressive impulses)
• Traumatic memories (too painful to remain conscious)
• Primitive drives (the Id—instinctual, pleasure-seeking)

Freud saw the unconscious as primarily personal—formed by individual experience and repression.

Jung: The Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung went deeper.

He discovered that beneath the personal unconscious lies a collective layer shared by all humans:

Jung's Three Layers:

1. Conscious Ego — The "I," the waking personality
2. Personal Unconscious — Individual repressed content, forgotten memories, complexes
3. Collective Unconscious — Universal patterns (archetypes) shared by all humanity

The collective unconscious contains:

• Archetypes — Universal patterns (Mother, Father, Hero, Shadow, Self)
• Instincts — Inherited behavioral patterns
• Primordial images — Symbols that appear across all cultures

Jung wrote: "The collective unconscious is the deposit of ancestral experience from untold millions of years, the echo of prehistoric world events to which each century adds an infinitesimally small amount of variation and differentiation."

This was revolutionary in the West.

But in the East, it was ancient knowledge.

The Taoist View: Hun and Po (魂魄)

In Taoist psychology, humans have multiple souls—not one unified psyche.

Three Hun (魂) — Ethereal Souls

The Hun are Yang souls—light, rising, spiritual:

• Associated with Shen (神)—spirit, consciousness
• Reside in the liver (in Chinese medicine)
• Connected to dreams, visions, imagination
• After death, the Hun rise to heaven

The Hun are like Jung's collective unconscious—they connect you to ancestral memory, archetypal images, spiritual realms.

Seven Po (魄) — Corporeal Souls

The Po are Yin souls—heavy, sinking, instinctual:

• Associated with Jing (精)—essence, physical vitality
• Reside in the lungs (in Chinese medicine)
• Connected to instincts, reflexes, bodily functions
• After death, the Po sink to earth

The Po are like Freud's Id—primitive, instinctual, unconscious drives.

The Taoist Understanding:

Consciousness (Shen) is the tip of the iceberg.

Beneath it:

• The Hun connect you to the spiritual/archetypal realm (collective unconscious)
• The Po connect you to the instinctual/bodily realm (personal unconscious/Id)

Spiritual practice involves harmonizing Hun and Po—integrating the spiritual and instinctual aspects of the unconscious.

The Buddhist View: Alaya-vijnana (阿賴耶識)

In Yogacara Buddhism, consciousness has eight layers:

The Six Sense Consciousnesses:

1. Eye consciousness (seeing)
2. Ear consciousness (hearing)
3. Nose consciousness (smelling)
4. Tongue consciousness (tasting)
5. Body consciousness (touching)
6. Mind consciousness (thinking)

The Seventh Consciousness: Manas (मनस्)

• The ego-making consciousness
• Creates the illusion of a separate self
• Clings to "I" and "mine"

The Eighth Consciousness: Alaya-vijnana (阿賴耶識)

This is the storehouse consciousness—the Buddhist equivalent of the unconscious.

Alaya-vijnana contains:

• Bija (बीज) — Seeds, karmic imprints from all past actions
• Vasana (वासना) — Latent tendencies, habitual patterns
• Karmic traces — Not just from this life, but from all past lives

How it works:

1. Every action, thought, emotion plants a seed in Alaya-vijnana
2. These seeds lie dormant in the unconscious
3. When conditions are right, they sprout—manifesting as thoughts, emotions, behaviors, life circumstances
4. These manifestations plant new seeds, continuing the cycle

This is the Buddhist explanation of:

• Why we have unconscious patterns (karmic seeds sprouting)
• Why we repeat behaviors (vasanas—habitual tendencies)
• Why life circumstances seem to "happen to us" (karmic seeds manifesting)

Alaya-vijnana is like Jung's collective unconscious—but it includes personal karma as well.

The Vedantic View: The Subtle and Causal Bodies

In Vedanta, the unconscious is mapped through the Five Koshas (sheaths):

Conscious Level:

1. Annamaya Kosha — Physical body (conscious, tangible)
2. Pranamaya Kosha — Energy body (semi-conscious, felt as vitality)
3. Manomaya Kosha — Mental body (conscious thoughts and emotions)

Unconscious Level:

4. Vijnanamaya Kosha — Wisdom body (deeper knowing, intuition, the witness)
5. Anandamaya Kosha — Bliss body (causal body, the deepest unconscious, source of joy)

The Vijnanamaya and Anandamaya Koshas are the unconscious—they operate beneath conscious awareness but profoundly influence experience.

The Anandamaya Kosha (bliss body) is especially significant:

• It's the causal body—the seed of all other bodies
• It contains samskaras (संस्कार)—deep unconscious impressions
• It's experienced in deep sleep (when all other layers dissolve)
• It's the closest layer to Atman (the true Self)

This is similar to Jung's idea that the Self (the center of the psyche) lies in the deepest unconscious.

The Structural Correspondence

Let's map the convergence:

Layer	Western (Jung)	Taoist	Buddhist	Vedantic
Conscious	Ego	Shen (識神 Shi Shen)	Six sense consciousnesses + Manas	Manomaya Kosha
Personal Unconscious	Repressed content, complexes	Po (魄) corporeal souls	Personal karmic seeds	Pranamaya Kosha
Collective Unconscious	Archetypes, instincts	Hun (魂) ethereal souls	Alaya-vijnana (storehouse)	Vijnanamaya Kosha
Deepest Layer	The Self	Yuan Shen (元神) original spirit	Buddha-nature	Anandamaya Kosha / Atman

The pattern is clear: All traditions recognize multiple layers of psyche, most of which are unconscious.

Why This Matters for Practice

Understanding the unconscious gives you:

1. Depth Awareness
You realize that most of your psyche is hidden. Your conscious thoughts are the tip of the iceberg. The real work is in the depths.

2. Pattern Recognition
You can identify unconscious patterns (karmic seeds, complexes, vasanas) that drive your behavior. Why do you keep repeating the same mistakes? Unconscious patterns.

3. Integration Practice
You can work to make the unconscious conscious. This is the core of all depth psychology and spiritual practice: bringing light to the hidden depths.

The Operational Truth

Here's what all traditions agree on:

• Consciousness is layered—most of it is unconscious
• The unconscious contains personal content (repressed memories, karmic seeds)
• The unconscious contains collective content (archetypes, ancestral memory)
• The unconscious influences behavior without conscious awareness
• Spiritual/psychological work is making the unconscious conscious
• At the deepest unconscious lies the Self/Atman/Buddha-nature

This is not theory. This is the structure of psyche.

Practice: Unconscious Exploration

This week, practice accessing the unconscious:

Dream Work:
Keep a dream journal. Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious (Freud). Notice recurring symbols, figures, themes. These are messages from the depths.

Active Imagination:
Sit quietly. Let an image arise spontaneously. Don't control it—watch it. Let it unfold like a waking dream. This accesses the unconscious directly.

Shadow Work:
Notice what you strongly dislike in others. That's often your projected shadow—unconscious aspects of yourself. Ask: "What part of me am I seeing in them?"

Body Awareness:
The Po souls (corporeal unconscious) speak through the body. Notice tensions, sensations, impulses. The body knows what the mind has forgotten.

Meditation on the Witness:
Sit in stillness. Notice thoughts arising from the unconscious. Don't engage—just witness. This reveals the boundary between conscious and unconscious.

The unconscious is not empty darkness.

It's a vast, rich, structured realm.

It contains your personal history, your ancestral memory, universal archetypes, karmic seeds, and—at the very deepest level—your true Self.

The journey inward is the journey down.

Into the depths.

Where the real treasure lies.

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Next in series: The Descent to the Underworld: A Global Symbol of Individuation