Rhythmic Drumming as a Tool for Altered States

BY NICOLE LAU

The shamanic drum is not just a musical instrument—it's a technology for altering consciousness, a vehicle for journeying between worlds, a sonic portal to non-ordinary reality. Understanding how rhythmic drumming works reveals the neuroscience of trance, the power of sound, and why rhythm is sacred across all cultures.

The Shamanic Drum: The Horse of the Shaman

In many traditions, the drum is called the shaman's horse:

• The vehicle: That carries the shaman between worlds
• The mount: That the shaman rides to non-ordinary reality
• The companion: A living ally, not just a tool
• The bridge: Between ordinary and non-ordinary consciousness

The drum doesn't just accompany the journey—it enables it.

The Optimal Rhythm: 4-7 Beats Per Second

Shamanic drumming typically uses a specific tempo:

The Theta Range

• 4-7 Hz (beats per second): The theta brainwave frequency
• Theta state: Deep meditation, trance, hypnagogic state
• The shamanic state of consciousness (SSC): Where journeying happens
• The bridge: Between waking (beta) and sleeping (delta)

Why This Frequency Works

• Matches the brain's natural theta rhythm
• Induces trance without drugs or extreme practices
• Maintains enough awareness to navigate and remember
• Deep enough to access non-ordinary reality

This is not arbitrary—it's the precise frequency that shifts consciousness from ordinary to non-ordinary states.

How Drumming Alters Consciousness

The neuroscience of shamanic drumming:

Auditory Driving

• Rhythmic stimulation: Repetitive sound at specific frequency
• Brainwave entrainment: The brain synchronizes to the rhythm
• Frequency following response: Neural firing matches the drum beat
• Trance induction: Consciousness shifts to theta state

Hemispheric Synchronization

• Left and right brain hemispheres synchronize
• Analytical mind (left) quiets
• Intuitive mind (right) activates
• Whole-brain state emerges

Sensory Deprivation Effect

• Monotonous rhythm creates sensory monotony
• External stimuli fade from awareness
• Internal imagery becomes vivid
• Non-ordinary reality becomes accessible

The Journey Structure

A typical shamanic drumming journey has distinct phases:

1. The Call (Fast Drumming)

• Rapid beats signal the journey is beginning
• Consciousness prepares to shift
• Intention is set

2. The Journey (Steady Rhythm)

• Consistent 4-7 beats per second
• Maintains the trance state
• Lasts 10-30 minutes typically
• The actual journeying happens here

3. The Callback (Rapid Drumming)

• Four sets of seven rapid beats (traditional)
• Signals it's time to return
• Consciousness begins ascending/descending back

4. The Return (Slow Beats)

• Gradual slowing
• Reintegration into ordinary reality
• Grounding back in the body

Why Drumming vs. Other Methods

Drumming has advantages over other trance induction methods:

Compared to Plant Medicines

• Safer: No physical risk or legal issues
• Controllable: Can stop anytime
• Repeatable: Can journey daily if needed
• Clearer: More control over the experience

Compared to Meditation

• Faster: Induces trance in minutes, not hours
• Deeper: Reaches theta more reliably
• Guided: The rhythm carries you
• Active: You journey and interact, not just observe

Compared to Extreme Practices

• Gentler: No fasting, sleep deprivation, or pain
• Sustainable: Can practice regularly without harm
• Accessible: Anyone can do it

The Drum as Sacred Object

In shamanic traditions, the drum is sacred:

Construction

• The frame: Often from the World Tree (birch, ash, oak)
• The skin: From a power animal (deer, elk, horse, buffalo)
• The making: A ritual process, not just craft
• The blessing: Consecrated before use

Relationship

• The drum is treated as a living being
• Fed (offerings), honored, cared for
• Consulted and listened to
• A partner in the work, not just a tool

Other Rhythmic Tools

Drumming is not the only sonic technology:

• Rattles: Higher frequency, different quality of trance
• Singing bowls: Sustained tones, deep meditation
• Chanting: Voice as instrument, mantra repetition
• Didgeridoo: Drone creates altered state
• Gongs: Complex harmonics, deep trance

Each creates a different quality of altered state.

The Science of Sonic Driving

Research confirms what shamans have known:

• EEG studies: Show theta brainwave entrainment during drumming
• fMRI studies: Show altered brain activity patterns
• Phenomenological studies: Consistent reports of journeying experiences
• Therapeutic studies: Drumming reduces stress, anxiety, depression

This is not placebo—it's measurable neurological change.

Practical Application: Using Drumming for Journeying

To use drumming for shamanic journeying:

If You Have a Drum

1. Set intention: Know what you're seeking
2. Create sacred space: Quiet, comfortable, undisturbed
3. Begin drumming: Find the rhythm (4-7 beats per second)
4. Let it carry you: The rhythm becomes automatic
5. Journey: Descend or ascend to non-ordinary reality
6. Return: When ready, slow the drumming and come back

If You Don't Have a Drum

1. Use recorded drumming: Many shamanic drumming tracks available
2. Headphones recommended: For full immersion
3. Lie down comfortably: Eye mask helps
4. Let the recording guide you: It will have the callback built in

Tips for Effective Journeying

• Journey on an empty stomach (light meal 2-3 hours before)
• Avoid alcohol or drugs beforehand
• Set clear intention before starting
• Trust what you experience, even if it seems strange
• Journal immediately after to capture details

The Callback: Why It Matters

The callback (rapid drumming signaling return) is crucial:

• Orientation: Reminds you it's time to return
• Safety: Prevents getting "lost" in non-ordinary reality
• Completion: Signals the journey is ending
• Grounding: Helps reintegration into ordinary consciousness

Always include a callback in your drumming or recording.

The drum is not just sound—it's a technology for consciousness, a vehicle for journeying, a bridge between worlds. The rhythm at 4-7 beats per second is the frequency of trance, the doorway to non-ordinary reality. When you hear the drum, your brain entrains, your consciousness shifts, and the journey begins. This is not metaphor—it's neuroscience. This is not belief—it's technique. Pick up the drum. Find the rhythm. Let it carry you between worlds.