Elder Futhark Runes Part 1: The First Twelve (Fehu to Jera)
BY NICOLE LAU
Introduction to the Elder Futhark
The Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic alphabets, used by Germanic peoples from approximately 150 to 800 CE. These 24 symbols are far more than a writing system—they encode the cosmology, magic, and wisdom of the Norse and Germanic peoples.
The word 'rune' comes from Old Norse rún, meaning 'secret' or 'mystery.' According to Norse mythology, Odin discovered the runes by hanging himself on Yggdrasil, the World Tree, for nine nights, pierced by his own spear, as a sacrifice to gain their wisdom.
This guide explores the first twelve runes, covering Freyr's Aett (material world) and the first half of Heimdall's Aett (transformation).
Freyr's Aett: The Material World (Runes 1-8)
1. Fehu (ᚠ) - Cattle, Wealth, Manifestation
Pronunciation: FAY-hoo
Literal Meaning: Cattle, moveable wealth
Element: Fire
Deity: Freyr, Freyja
Fehu represents mobile wealth—not hoarded treasure, but resources in motion. In ancient times, cattle were the primary measure of wealth because they could be bred, traded, and moved. Fehu teaches that prosperity flows when energy circulates.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Financial gain, new opportunities, abundance flowing, success in ventures, fertility. Energy is moving in your favor.
Reversed: Financial loss, blocked abundance, greed, poverty consciousness, stagnation. Examine where flow is blocked.
Magical Use: Draw Fehu to attract prosperity, manifest goals, start new ventures, or increase fertility. Excellent for money magic and new beginnings.
2. Uruz (ᚢ) - Aurochs, Primal Strength, Vitality
Pronunciation: OO-rooz
Literal Meaning: Aurochs (extinct wild ox)
Element: Earth
Deity: Thor
Uruz embodies primal life force—the wild, untamed power of nature. The aurochs was a massive, fierce wild ox representing raw vitality and the strength to overcome any obstacle.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Robust health, physical strength, vitality, overcoming illness, raw power available. Time to take action with force.
Reversed: Weakness, illness, missed opportunities, misdirected force, brutality without wisdom. Energy is chaotic or destructive.
Magical Use: Use Uruz for healing work, building physical strength, overcoming obstacles, or connecting with primal earth energy.
3. Thurisaz (ᚦ) - Giant, Thorn, Gateway
Pronunciation: THOOR-ee-saz
Literal Meaning: Giant, thorn
Element: Fire
Deity: Thor
Thurisaz is the thorn that protects the rose, Thor's hammer that defends Midgard from chaos. It represents both protection and the force needed to break through barriers.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Protection active, breakthrough imminent, conflict that leads to growth, defensive action needed, gateway opening.
Reversed: Vulnerability, betrayal, hasty action, destructive conflict. Force applied without wisdom causes harm.
Magical Use: Draw Thurisaz for protection spells, breaking through obstacles, defensive magic, or marking thresholds. Use with caution—it's aggressive.
4. Ansuz (ᚨ) - Divine Breath, Communication, Wisdom
Pronunciation: AHN-sooz
Literal Meaning: God, ancestral god (Odin)
Element: Air
Deity: Odin
Ansuz is the breath of Odin, the divine word that brings order from chaos. It represents communication, wisdom, and the inspired word of poetry and prophecy.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Divine messages incoming, clear communication, wisdom received, good advice, inspiration. The gods are speaking—listen.
Reversed: Miscommunication, deception, ignored warnings, blocked inspiration, foolish advice. Words are twisted.
Magical Use: Use Ansuz for divination, enhancing communication skills, receiving inspiration, or invoking Odin's wisdom.
5. Raido (ᚱ) - Journey, Rhythm, Right Action
Pronunciation: RYE-doh
Literal Meaning: Ride, journey, wagon
Element: Air
Deity: Ing (Freyr)
Raido represents the journey—both physical travel and spiritual quest. It embodies right action, moving in harmony with natural rhythms and cosmic order.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Journey beginning, movement in right direction, rhythm and order, reunion, progress. Trust the path.
Reversed: Delays in travel, wrong direction, disrupted rhythm, stagnation. Reevaluate your path.
Magical Use: Use Raido for safe travel, finding your path, aligning with natural rhythms, or embarking on spiritual quests.
6. Kenaz (ᚲ) - Torch, Fire of Knowledge, Illumination
Pronunciation: KEN-ahz
Literal Meaning: Torch, controlled fire
Element: Fire
Deity: Heimdall
Kenaz is controlled fire—the torch that illuminates darkness, the forge fire that transforms raw material, the inner fire of creativity and passion.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Illumination, knowledge revealed, creative fire, transformation through learning, passion ignited. Understanding dawns.
Reversed: Ignorance, creative block, loss of passion, false knowledge, burnout. The fire has gone out.
Magical Use: Use Kenaz for study, creative work, illuminating hidden things, or igniting passion. Excellent for artists and students.
7. Gebo (ᚷ) - Gift, Exchange, Partnership
Pronunciation: GAY-boh
Literal Meaning: Gift
Element: Air
Deity: Odin and Freyja
Gebo represents sacred gift—not one-way transaction, but reciprocal exchange that creates bonds. In Norse culture, gift-giving created obligations and alliances.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Gifts given or received, partnerships forming, balance in relationships, generosity rewarded. What you give returns.
Note: Gebo has no reversed position due to its symmetrical shape. It always represents exchange.
Magical Use: Use Gebo for partnership magic, balancing relationships, attracting generosity, or honoring gods through offerings.
8. Wunjo (ᚹ) - Joy, Harmony, Fellowship
Pronunciation: WOO-nyo
Literal Meaning: Joy, perfection
Element: Earth
Deity: Odin, Frigg
Wunjo is the rune of joy—not fleeting pleasure, but deep contentment from harmony with oneself, community, and cosmos. It represents belonging and fellowship.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Joy, success, harmony, fellowship, wishes fulfilled, period of happiness. Things are coming together beautifully.
Reversed: Sorrow, alienation, discord, delayed happiness. Harmony is disrupted or joy is superficial.
Magical Use: Use Wunjo for happiness spells, creating harmony, strengthening community bonds, or manifesting wishes.
Heimdall's Aett: Transformation (Runes 9-12)
9. Hagalaz (ᚺ) - Hail, Disruption, Transformation
Pronunciation: HAH-gah-lahz
Literal Meaning: Hail
Element: Ice/Water
Deity: Heimdall, Urd (Norn of the past)
Hagalaz is the hailstorm—sudden, destructive, beyond human control. It represents forces of nature and fate that disrupt plans and force transformation.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Disruption, crisis, uncontrolled change, destruction that leads to transformation. Surrender and adapt.
Note: Hagalaz has no reversed position. It always represents disruption—necessary destruction that clears ground for new growth.
Magical Use: Use Hagalaz for banishing, breaking patterns, weather magic, or invoking necessary destruction. Handle with respect.
10. Nauthiz (ᚾ) - Need, Resistance, Necessity
Pronunciation: NOW-theez
Literal Meaning: Need, necessity
Element: Fire
Deity: Skuld (Norn of the future)
Nauthiz is the need-fire—friction that creates flame, constraint that forces innovation, resistance that builds strength. Necessity as mother of invention.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Constraint, delay, resistance, need, patience required, learning through hardship. Necessity teaches something essential.
Reversed: Extreme need, desperation, impatience, refusing to learn. The constraint becomes unbearable.
Magical Use: Use Nauthiz for developing patience, overcoming obstacles through persistence, or creating friction needed for change.
11. Isa (ᛁ) - Ice, Stillness, Stasis
Pronunciation: EE-sah
Literal Meaning: Ice
Element: Ice
Deity: Verdandi (Norn of the present)
Isa is ice—the frozen river, the stillness of winter, the pause between breaths. It represents stasis, when all movement stops and energy is concentrated.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Standstill, pause, waiting, concentration, self-focus, preservation. Nothing is moving—use this time for inner work.
Note: Isa has no reversed position. It always represents stillness, though whether beneficial or frustrating depends on context.
Magical Use: Use Isa for binding spells, stopping unwanted action, preserving something, focusing will, or creating stillness for meditation.
12. Jera (ᛃ) - Year, Harvest, Cycles
Pronunciation: YAY-rah
Literal Meaning: Year, harvest, good season
Element: Earth
Deity: Freyr
Jera is the turning of the year, the harvest after patient cultivation, the reward for work done in harmony with natural cycles. Everything has its season.
Divinatory Meaning:
Upright: Harvest, reward for past efforts, natural cycles completing, patience paying off, right timing. What you've sown is ready to reap.
Note: Jera has no reversed position. It always represents cycles and harvest, though abundance depends on what was planted.
Magical Use: Use Jera for prosperity magic, aligning with natural cycles, ensuring good harvest, or understanding timing.
Working with the First Twelve Runes
Runic Divination Basics
To cast runes for divination:
- Prepare: Center yourself, state your question clearly
- Draw: Pull runes from a bag or cast them on a cloth
- Interpret: Consider upright/reversed positions, surrounding runes, and intuition
- Integrate: Reflect on the message and apply it
Simple Three-Rune Spread
- Position 1: Past/Foundation - What brought you here
- Position 2: Present/Challenge - What you're facing now
- Position 3: Future/Outcome - Where you're heading
Creating Your Rune Set
Traditional rune sets are made from natural materials:
- Wood: Oak, ash, or yew (sacred trees)
- Stone: River stones, crystals, or clay
- Bone or antler: For deeper ancestral connection
Carve or paint each rune while meditating on its meaning. Consecrate your set with the four elements.
Correspondences Table
| Rune | Name | Element | Deity | Core Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᚠ | Fehu | Fire | Freyr/Freyja | Wealth, abundance |
| ᚢ | Uruz | Earth | Thor | Strength, vitality |
| ᚦ | Thurisaz | Fire | Thor | Protection, breakthrough |
| ᚨ | Ansuz | Air | Odin | Communication, wisdom |
| ᚱ | Raido | Air | Freyr | Journey, rhythm |
| ᚲ | Kenaz | Fire | Heimdall | Knowledge, creativity |
| ᚷ | Gebo | Air | Odin/Freyja | Gift, partnership |
| ᚹ | Wunjo | Earth | Odin/Frigg | Joy, harmony |
| ᚺ | Hagalaz | Ice/Water | Heimdall | Disruption, transformation |
| ᚾ | Nauthiz | Fire | Skuld | Need, constraint |
| ᛁ | Isa | Ice | Verdandi | Stillness, stasis |
| ᛃ | Jera | Earth | Freyr | Harvest, cycles |
Further Study
Primary Sources:
- Poetic Edda - Ancient Norse poetry containing runic wisdom
- Hávamál - Odin's words on the runes
- Rune Poems - Old English, Norwegian, and Icelandic
Modern Interpretations:
- Futhark: A Handbook of Rune Magic by Edred Thorsson
- The Book of Runes by Ralph Blum
- Nordic Runes by Paul Rhys Mountfort
Continue Your Journey
This guide has covered the first twelve runes of the Elder Futhark. These establish the foundation of material existence (Freyr's Aett) and begin the journey of transformation (Heimdall's Aett).
Continue to Part 2 to explore the final twelve runes (Eihwaz through Othala), completing Heimdall's Aett and covering Tyr's Aett of spiritual development.
